Amaphaneli elanga amaningi amboze uphahla lomhlaba, amasimu, nezingwadule namuhla ahlanganyela ngesithako esifanayo: i-crystalline silicon.Izinto, ezenziwe nge-polysilicon eluhlaza, zibunjwa zibe ama-wafers futhi zifakwe izintambo zibe amaseli elanga, imishini eguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kube ugesi.Muva nje, ukuncika kwemboni kulobu buchwepheshe obubodwa sekuyicala.Izingqinamba ze-Supply chainbehlisa ijubaneukufakwa okusha kwe-solar emhlabeni jikelele.Abahlinzeki abakhulu be-polysilicon esifundeni sase-Xinjiang e-China -osolwa ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi ophoqelelwe kuma-Uyghurs- babhekene nezijeziso zezohwebo zase-US.
Ngenhlanhla, i-crystalline silicon akuyona ukuphela kwento engasiza ukusebenzisa amandla elanga.E-United States, ososayensi nabakhiqizi basebenzela ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa kobuchwepheshe belanga be-cadmium telluride.I-Cadmium telluride iwuhlobo “lwefilimu elizacile” iseli yelanga, futhi, njengoba lelo gama libonisa, izacile kakhulu kuneseli ye-silicon evamile.Namuhla, amaphaneli asebenzisa i-cadmium telluridehlinzeka cishe ngamaphesenti angama-40yemakethe yezinga lezinsiza zase-US, kanye namaphesenti angaba ngu-5 emakethe yomhlaba wonke yelanga.Futhi bamele ukuzuza ezivunguvungwini ezibhekene nemboni ebanzi yelanga.
"Yisikhathi esiguquguqukayo kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ochungechungeni lokuhlinzekwa kwe-silicon ecwebezelayo ngokujwayelekile," kusho uKelsey Goss, umhlaziyi wocwaningo lwelanga weqembu lezamandla uWood Mackenzie."Maningi amathuba okuthi abakhiqizi be-cadmium telluride bathathe ingxenye yemakethe eyengeziwe ngonyaka ozayo."Ikakhulukazi, waphawula, njengoba umkhakha we-cadmium telluride usuvele ukhuphuka.
NgoJuni, umkhiqizi welanga i-First Solar uthe kuzokwenzekautshale izigidi ezingama-680 zamaRandiefektri yelanga ye-cadmium telluride yesithathu enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Ohio.Lapho lesi sikhungo sesiqediwe, ngo-2025, inkampani izokwazi ukwenza amaphaneli elanga abiza amagigawathi ayi-6 endaweni.Lokho kwanele ukunika amandla cishe amakhaya aseMelika ayizigidi eziyi-1.Enye inkampani yelanga ese-Ohio, i-Toledo Solar, isanda kungena emakethe futhi yenza amaphaneli e-cadmium telluride ophahleni lwezindlu zokuhlala.Futhi ngoJuni, uMnyango Wezamandla wase-US kanye ne-National Renewable Energy Laboratory, noma i-NREL,yethule uhlelo lwamadola ayizigidi ezingama-20ukusheshisa ucwaningo nokukhulisa uchungechunge lokunikezela nge-cadmium telluride.Enye yezinhloso zalolu hlelo ukusiza ukuvikela imakethe yelanga lase-US emikhawulweni yokuhlinzekwa komhlaba wonke.
Abacwaningi kwa-NREL kanye ne-First Solar, phambilini ebibizwa ngeSolar Cell Inc., basebenze ndawonye kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1990 ukuthuthukisaubuchwepheshe be-cadmium telluride.I-Cadmium ne-teluride yimikhiqizo yokuncibilikisa i-zinc ores kanye nokucwenga ithusi, ngokulandelana.Nakuba ama-wafer e-silicon exhunywe ndawonye ukuze enze amaseli, i-cadmium ne-teluride kusetshenziswa njengongqimba oluncane - cishe ingxenye eyodwa kweshumi yobubanzi bezinwele zomuntu - efasiteleni lengilazi, kanye nezinye izinto ezihambisa ugesi.I-First Solar, manje engumkhiqizi wefilimu omncane omkhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni, inikeze amaphaneli okufakwa kwamandla elanga emazweni angu-45.
Ubuchwepheshe bunezinzuzo ezithile ngaphezu kwe-silicon ye-crystalline, kusho usosayensi we-NREL u-Lorelle Mansfield.Isibonelo, inqubo yefilimu ezacile idinga izinto ezimbalwa kunendlela esekwe yi-wafer.Ubuchwepheshe befilimu izacile nabo bufaneleka kahle ukuthi busetshenziswe kumaphaneli aguquguqukayo, njengalawo amboza ojosaka noma ama-drones noma ahlanganiswe ekwakheni ama-facade namafasitela.Okubalulekile, amaphaneli amafilimu amancane enza kangcono emazingeni okushisa ashisayo, kuyilapho amaphaneli e-silicon ekwazi ukushisa futhi angasebenzi kahle ekukhiqizeni ugesi, esho.
Kodwa i-crystalline silicon inesandla esiphezulu kwezinye izindawo, njengokusebenza kahle kwayo okumaphakathi - okusho iphesenti lokukhanya kwelanga amaphaneli amunca futhi aguqule abe ugesi.Ngokomlando, amaphaneli e-silicon abe nempumelelo ephezulu kunobuchwepheshe be-cadmium telluride, nakuba igebe liyancipha.18 kuya ku-22 amaphesenti, kuyilapho i-First Solar ibike ukusebenza kahle kwesilinganiso samaphesenti angu-18 kumaphaneli ayo amasha okuhweba.
Noma kunjalo, isizathu esiyinhloko sokuthi i-silicon ilawule imakethe yomhlaba ilula."Konke kuncike ezindlekweni," kusho uGoss."Imakethe yelanga ivame ukuqhutshwa ubuchwepheshe obungabizi kakhulu."
I-crystalline silicon ibiza cishe u-$0.24 kuya ku-$0.25 ukukhiqiza iwathi ngayinye yamandla elanga, angaphansi kwabanye abaqhudelanayo, esho.I-First Solar ithe ayisabiki izindleko-nge-watt ukukhiqiza amaphaneli ayo e-cadmium telluride, kuphela ukuthi izindleko "zehle kakhulu" kusukela ngo-2015 - lapho inkampaniizindleko ezibikiwe ze-$0.46 ngewathi ngayinye- futhi uqhubeke ukwehla njalo ngonyaka.Kunezizathu ezimbalwa zokushibha kwesihlobo se-silicon.I-polysilicon eluhlaza, ebuye isetshenziswe kumakhompiyutha nama-smartphone, itholakala kabanzi futhi ayibizi kakhulu kunokunikezwa kwe-cadmium ne-teluride.Njengoba izimboni zamaphaneli e-silicon nezingxenye ezihlobene nazo zenyuka, izindleko zizonke zokwenza nokufaka ubuchwepheshe zehlile.Uhulumeni waseShayina ubuye kakhuluisekelwe futhi ixhasweimboni yelanga ye-silicon yezwe - kangangokuthicishe amaphesenti angu-80yochungechunge lwemikhiqizo yelanga emhlabeni wonke manje idlula eChina.
Izindleko zephaneli eziwayo zenze i-solar boom yomhlaba wonke.Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, umthamo welanga ofakiwe emhlabeni ukhule cishe ngokuphindwe kashumi, kusukela kumamegawathi angaba ngu-74,000 ngo-2011 kuya cishe kumamegawathi angu-714,000 ngo-2020.ngokuvumelana nei-International Renewable Energy Agency.I-United States yenza cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwesikhombisa yengqikithi yomhlaba, futhi ilanga selikhona manjeomunye wemithombo emikhuluamandla amasha kagesi afakwa e-US njalo ngonyaka.
Izindleko nge-watt ngayinye ye-cadmium telluride nobunye ubuchwepheshe befilimu emincane ngokufanayo kulindeleke ukuthi zinciphe njengoba ukukhiqizwa kwanda.(Okokuqala Solar uthiukuthi lapho isikhungo sayo esisha sase-Ohio sivulwa, inkampani izoletha izindleko eziphansi kakhulu nge-watt ngayinye kuyo yonke imakethe yelanga.) Kodwa izindleko akuyona ukuphela kwemethrikhi ebalulekile, njengoba izinkinga zamanje zemboni kanye nokukhathazeka kwezabasebenzi kwenza kucace.
UMark Widmar, oyi-CEO ye-First Solar, uthe ukunwetshwa kwenkampani okuhleliwe kwezigidi ezingu-680 kuyingxenye yomzamo omkhulu wokwakha uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka ngokuzimela kanye "nokunciphisa" imboni yelanga yase-US eChina.Yize amaphaneli e-cadmium telluride engasebenzisi noma iyiphi i-polysilicon, i-First Solar izizwele ezinye izinselelo ezibhekene nemboni, njengokusilela emuva okubangelwa ubhubhane embonini yemikhumbi yasolwandle.Ngo-Ephreli, i-First Solar yatshela abatshalizimali ukuthi ukuminyana emachwebeni aseMelika kubambe ukuthunyelwa kwamaphaneli kusuka ezikhungweni zawo e-Asia.Ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-US kuzovumela inkampani ukuthi isebenzise imigwaqo nezitimela ukuthumela amaphaneli ayo, hhayi imikhumbi yezimpahla, kusho uWidmar.Futhi uhlelo olukhona lwenkampani lokugaywa kabusha kwamaphaneli ayo elanga luyivumela ukuthi iphinde isebenzise izinto ezisetshenziswayo izikhathi eziningi, iphinde yehlise ukuthembela kwayo emaketangeni okunikezela angaphandle kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa.
Njengoba i-First Solar ikhipha amaphaneli, ososayensi enkampanini nase-NREL bayaqhubeka nokuhlola nokuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe be-cadmium telluride.Ngo-2019, ozakwethuwasungula indlela entshalokho kuhilela "i-doping" izinto zefilimu ezizacile ngethusi ne-chlorine ukuze kuzuzwe ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu nakakhulu.Ngasekuqaleni kwale nyanga, i-NRELyamemezela imiphumelayokuhlolwa kwensimu yeminyaka engama-25 endaweni yayo engaphandle eGolden, eColorado.Uhlu lwamaphaneli angu-12 wamaphaneli e-cadmium telluride belusebenza ngamaphesenti angu-88 okusebenza kahle kwawo kwasekuqaleni, umphumela oqinile wephaneli elihlale ngaphandle iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili.Ukucekelwa phansi "kuhambisana nalokho okwenziwa yizinhlelo ze-silicon," ngokusho kokukhishwa kwe-NREL.
UMansfield, usosayensi we-NREL, uthe inhloso akukona ukufaka i-crystalline silicon esikhundleni se-cadmium telluride noma ukusungula ubuchwepheshe obuphakeme kunobunye.“Ngicabanga ukuthi ikhona indawo yabo bonke emakethe, futhi ngamunye unezicelo zakhe,” kusho yena."Sifuna wonke amandla aye emithonjeni evuselelekayo, ngakho-ke sidinga zonke lezi zinhlobo ezahlukene zobuchwepheshe ukuze sihlangabezane naleyo nselelo."
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Sep-17-2021