Amaphaneli elanga okuhlala ahlala ethengiswa ngemali mboleko yesikhathi eside noma ukuqasha, abanikazi bezindlu abangena izivumelwano zeminyaka engu-20 noma ngaphezulu. Kodwa amaphaneli ahlala isikhathi eside kangakanani, futhi aqine kangakanani?
Impilo yephaneli incike ezicini eziningana, okuhlanganisa isimo sezulu, uhlobo lwemojuli, kanye nesistimu yokurakha esetshenziswayo, phakathi kokunye. Yize ingekho “idethi yokuphela” ethile yephaneli ngeseshini ngayinye, ukulahleka kokukhiqiza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuvame ukuphoqa ukuhoxiswa kwemishini.
Lapho unquma ukuthi uzogcina iphaneli yakho isebenza iminyaka engu-20-30 ngokuzayo, noma uzofuna ukuthuthukiswa ngaleso sikhathi, ukuqapha amazinga okukhiphayo kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokwenza isinqumo esinolwazi.
Ukucekelwa phansi
Ukulahlekelwa kokuphumayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okubizwa ngokuthi ukuwohloka, ngokuvamile kwehla cishe ku-0.5% unyaka ngamunye, ngokusho kwe-National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL).
Abakhiqizi ngokuvamile bacabangela iminyaka engu-25 kuya kwengu-30 njengephuzu lapho ukonakala okwanele kwenzeke lapho kungase kube isikhathi sokucabangela ukufaka esikhundleni sephaneli. Izinga lemboni yeziqinisekiso zokukhiqiza iminyaka engama-25 kumojula yelanga, kusho i-NREL.
Uma kubhekwa izinga lokuwohloka lonyaka elingu-0.5%, iphaneli eneminyaka engu-20 ubudala iyakwazi ukukhiqiza cishe u-90% wamandla ayo asekuqaleni.
Ikhwalithi yephaneli ingaba nomthelela othile kumazinga okonakaliswa. I-NREL ibika ukuthi abakhiqizi be-premium abafana ne-Panasonic ne-LG banamazinga acishe abe ngu-0.3% ngonyaka, kuyilapho amanye amabhrendi ehla ngamanani afika ku-0.80%. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-25, lawa maphaneli e-premium asengakwazi ukukhiqiza u-93% womkhiqizo wawo wokuqala, futhi isibonelo sokwehliswa okuphezulu singakhiqiza u-82.5%.
(Funda: “Abacwaningi bahlola ukuwohloka kwezinhlelo ze-PV ezindala kuneminyaka engu-15“)
Ingxenye enkulu yokucekela phansi isithunzi ibangelwa into ebizwa ngokuthi i- potential induced degradation (PID), inkinga etholwa abanye, kodwa hhayi bonke, amaphaneli. I-PID yenzeka lapho amandla kagesi ephaneli kanye nokuvuza kwe-ion yedrayivu yamanje phakathi kwemojuli phakathi kwempahla yesemiconductor nezinye izici zemojuli, njengengilazi, okokukhweza, noma uhlaka. Lokhu kubangela amandla okukhipha amandla emojuli ukuthi ehle, kwezinye izimo kakhulu.
Abanye abakhiqizi bakha amaphaneli abo ngezinto ezimelana ne-PID engilazini yabo, i-encapsulation, kanye nezithiyo zokusabalalisa.
Wonke amaphaneli aphinde ahlupheke ngokuthile okubizwa ngokuthi i-light-induced degradation (LID), lapho amaphaneli elahlekelwa ukusebenza kahle phakathi namahora okuqala okuchayeka elangeni. I-LID iyahlukahluka kuphaneli nephaneli ngokusekelwe kwikhwalithi yama-crystalline wafers we-silicon, kodwa ngokuvamile iholela ekulahlekelweni kwesikhathi esisodwa, okungu-1-3% ekusebenzeni kahle, kusho ilabhorethri yokuhlola i-PVEL, i-PV Evolution Labs.
Isimo sezulu
Ukuchayeka ezimweni zesimo sezulu yikona okuyiyona ndlela ehamba phambili ekucekeleni phansi kwamaphaneli. Ukushisa kuyisici esiyinhloko kukho kokubili ukusebenza kwephaneli yesikhathi sangempela kanye nokwehliswa kwesimo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukushisa kwe-ambient kuthinta kabi ukusebenza nokusebenza kahle kwezingxenye zikagesi,ngokusho kwe-NREL.
Ngokuhlola ishidi ledatha lomkhiqizi, izinga lokushisa lephaneli lingatholwa, elizobonisa ikhono lephaneli lokwenza amazinga okushisa aphezulu.
I-coefficient ichaza ukuthi kungakanani ukusebenza kahle kwesikhathi sangempela okulahlekayo ngezinga ngalinye likaCelsius elikhuphuke ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa elijwayelekile elingu-25 degrees Celsius. Isibonelo, i-coefficient yezinga lokushisa engu- -0.353% isho ukuthi kuwo wonke amadigri Celsius angaphezu kuka-25, u-0.353% wengqikithi yamandla okukhiqiza uyalahleka.
Ukushintshaniswa kokushisa kushayela ukuwohloka kwephaneli ngenqubo ebizwa nge-thermal cycling. Lapho kufudumala, izinto zokwakha ziyakhula, futhi lapho izinga lokushisa liyancipha, ziyafinyela. Lokhu kunyakaza kwenza kancane kancane ukuthi ama-microcracks akhe kuphaneli ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwehlisa okukhiphayo.
Emnyakeni wayo wonyakaIsifundo seModule Score Card, i-PVEL yahlaziya amaphrojekthi we-solar angu-36 e-India, futhi yathola imithelela ebalulekile evela ekonakaleni kokushisa. Isilinganiso sonyaka sokuwohloka kwamaphrojekthi sehlele ku-1.47%, kodwa izinhlu ezisezindaweni ezibandayo nezinezintaba zehla cishe cishe ingxenye yalelo zinga, ngo-0.7%.
Ukufaka kahle kungasiza ukubhekana nezinkinga ezihlobene nokushisa. Amaphaneli kufanele afakwe amayintshi ambalwa ngaphezu kophahla, ukuze umoya ohambayo ukwazi ukugeleza ngaphansi futhi upholise okokusebenza. Izinto ezinemibala ekhanyayo zingasetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwamaphaneli ukuze kukhawulwe ukumuncwa kokushisa. Futhi izingxenye ezifana nama-inverters nezihlanganisi, ukusebenza kwazo okuzwela kakhulu ukushisa, kufanele kubekwe ezindaweni ezinomthunzi,kusikisela i-CED Greentech.
Umoya ungesinye isimo sezulu esingadala ukulimala okuthile kumaphaneli elanga. Umoya onamandla ungabangela ukuguquguquka kwamaphaneli, okubizwa ngokuthi i-dynamic mechanical load. Lokhu futhi kubangela ama-microcracks kumaphaneli, ukwehlisa okukhiphayo. Ezinye izixazululo zamarakhi zenzelwe izindawo ezinomoya ophezulu, zivikela amaphaneli emandleni anamandla okuphakamisa kanye nokunciphisa ukuqhekeka okuncane. Imvamisa, imininingwane yomkhiqizi izohlinzeka ngolwazi ngemimoya emikhulu iphaneli ekwazi ukumelana nayo.
Okufanayo kuya ngeqhwa, elingamboza amaphaneli phakathi neziphepho ezinamandla, okukhawulela ukuphuma. Iqhwa lingase futhi libangele umthwalo oguqukayo wemishini, ukwehlisa amaphaneli. Ngokuvamile, iqhwa lizoshelela lisuke kumaphaneli, njengoba eshelela futhi efudumele, kodwa kwezinye izimo umninikhaya angase anqume ukususa iqhwa kumaphaneli. Lokhu kufanele kwenziwe ngokucophelela, njengoba ukunwaya indawo yengilazi yephaneli kungaba nomthelela omubi ekuphumeni.
(Funda: “Amathiphu okugcina isistimu sonozungezilanga ophahleni lwakho iduma ngokuhamba kwesikhathi“)
Ukwehliswa kwesithunzi kuyingxenye evamile, engagwemeki yempilo yephaneli. Ukufakwa ngendlela efanele, ukususwa kweqhwa ngokucophelela, nokuhlanza amaphaneli ngokucophelela kungasiza ekukhipheni, kodwa ekugcineni, iphaneli yelanga iwubuchwepheshe obungenazo izingxenye ezihambayo, ezidinga ukulungiswa okuncane kakhulu.
Amazinga
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iphaneli enikeziwe ingase iphile impilo ende futhi isebenze njengoba kuhleliwe, kufanele ihlolwe izindinganiso zokuthola isitifiketi. Amaphaneli angaphansi kokuhlolwa kwe-International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), esebenza kuwo womabili amaphaneli e-mono- kanye ne-polycrystalline.
I-EnergySage yathiAmaphaneli afinyelela izinga le-IEC 61215 ahlolelwa izici zikagesi njengamaza okuvuza okumanzi, nokumelana nokufakwa kwe-insulation. Bangaphansi kokuhlolwa komthwalo wemishini kukho kokubili umoya neqhwa, nokuhlolwa kwesimo sezulu okuhlola ubuthakathaka ezindaweni ezishisayo, ukuchayeka kwe-UV, ukubanda komswakama, ukushisa okumanzi, umthelela wesichotho, nokunye ukuchayeka ngaphandle.
I-IEC 61215 iphinde inqume amamethrikhi okusebenza kwephaneli ezimeni zokuhlola ezijwayelekile, okuhlanganisa i-coefficient yezinga lokushisa, i-voltage evulekile, kanye nokuphuma kwamandla aphezulu.
Okunye okuvame ukubonakala eshidini le-panel spec sheet wuphawu lwe-Underwriters Laboratories (UL), oluhlinzeka ngezindinganiso nokuhlola. I-UL yenza ukuhlolwa kwe-climactic nokuguga, kanye ne-gamut ephelele yokuhlolwa kokuphepha.
Ukwehluleka
Ukwehluleka kwephaneli yelanga kwenzeka ngenani eliphansi. I-NRELwenza ucwaningozamasistimu angaphezu kuka-50,000 afakwe e-United States kanye nezi-4,500 emhlabeni jikelele phakathi kweminyaka ka-2000 no-2015. Ucwaningo luthole izinga lokuhluleka elimaphakathi lamaphaneli angu-5 kwangu-10,000 ngonyaka.
Ukwehluleka kwephaneli kuye kwathuthuka ngokuphawulekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba kwatholakala ukuthi amasistimu afakwe phakathi kuka-1980 no-2000 abonise izinga lokuhluleka eliphindwe kabili kweqembu langemva kuka-2000.
(Funda: “Imikhiqizo ephezulu yephaneli yelanga ekusebenzeni, ukuthembeka kanye nekhwalithi“)
Isikhathi sokuphumula sesistimu akuvamile ukuthi sibalulwe ukwehluleka kwephaneli. Eqinisweni, ucwaningo olwenziwa yi-kWh Analytics luthole ukuthi u-80% wakho konke ukungasebenzi kwemishini yelanga kuwumphumela wama-inverter ahlulekayo, idivayisi eguqula i-DC yephaneli ibe yi-AC esebenzisekayo. Umagazini we-pv uzohlaziya ukusebenza kwe-inverter kusitolimende esilandelayo salolu chungechunge.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-19-2024