Umbani uyimbangela evamile yokuhluleka kwe-photovoltaic (PV) kanye nezinhlelo zikagesi zomoya.Ukuqhuma okulimazayo kungenzeka kusuka kumbani oshaya ibanga elide kusuka ohlelweni, noma phakathi kwamafu.Kodwa umonakalo omkhulu wombani ungavinjelwa.Nawa amanye amasu angabizi kakhulu avame ukwamukelwa abafaki besistimu yamandla, ngokusekelwe kumashumi eminyaka okuhlangenwe nakho.Landela lesi seluleko, futhi unethuba elihle kakhulu lokugwema ukulimala kombani ohlelweni lwakho lwamandla avuselelekayo (RE).
Thola Isisekelo
Ukubeka phansi kuyindlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokuvikela emonakalweni wombani.Awukwazi ukumisa umbani, kodwa ungawunikeza indlela eqondile eya emhlabathini edlula amathuluzi akho abalulekile, futhi ukhiphele umhlaba ngokuphepha.Umzila kagesi oya emhlabathini uzohlala ukhipha ugesi omile onqwabelana esakhiweni esingaphezulu komhlaba.Ngokuvamile, lokhu kuvimbela ukukhangwa kombani kwasekuqaleni.
Izibambisi zombani kanye nezivikeli zokuhlinza ziklanyelwe ukuvikela izinto zikagesi ngokumunca ugesi.Kodwa-ke, lawa madivayisi awathathi indawo yesisekelo esihle.Zisebenza kuphela ngokuhambisana nesisekelo esisebenzayo.Uhlelo lokumisa phansi luyingxenye ebalulekile yengqalasizinda yakho yezintambo.Yifake ngaphambi noma ngenkathi izintambo zamandla zifakiwe.Uma kungenjalo, uma uhlelo selusebenza, le ngxenye ebalulekile ingase ingalokothi ithikhiwe ohlwini “lokwenza”.
Isinyathelo sokuqala sokwakha umzila wokulahla phansi ngokuhlanganisa (ngokuxhumanisa) zonke izingxenye zesakhiwo sensimbi nezinto ezivalekile zikagesi, njengamafreyimu we-PV module, amarack afakwayo, nemibhoshongo ekhiqiza umoya.I-National Electrical Code (NEC), i-Article 250 kanye ne-Article 690.41 kuya ku-690.47 icacisa osayizi bezintambo ezihambisana nekhodi, izinto zokwakha kanye namasu.Gwema ukugoba okucijile ezintanjeni eziphansi—amagagasi aphezulu amanje abathandi ukujika amakhona aqinile futhi angagxumela kalula kuzintambo eziseduze.Naka ngokukhethekile okunamathiselwe kocingo lwethusi ezintweni zesakhiwo se-aluminium (ikakhulukazi amafreyimu we-PV module).Sebenzisa izixhumi ezibhalwe ukuthi “AL/CU” nezixhumi zensimbi engagqwali, ezehlisa amandla okugqwala.Izintambo eziphansi zazo zombili izifunda ze-DC kanye ne-AC zizoxhunywa kulolu hlelo lokubeka phansi.(Bheka izindatshana zeKhona Lekhodi ku-PV array grounding ku-HP102 kanye ne-HP103 ukuze uthole izeluleko ezengeziwe.)
Izinduku Zomhlaba
Isici esibuthakathaka kakhulu sokufakwa okuningi ukuxhumana nomhlaba ngokwawo.Phela, awukwazi ukuvele ubophe ucingo emhlabeni!Esikhundleni salokho, kufanele umbele noma ugaye ngesando induku yensimbi engagqwali (ngokuvamile ithusi) emhlabathini, futhi uqinisekise ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yendawo yayo ithinta inhlabathi ehambisa amanzi (okusho ukuthi emanzi).Ngale ndlela, lapho ugesi omile noma i-surge yehla ngomugqa, ama-electron angadonsela emhlabathini ngokumelana okuncane.
Ngendlela efanayo nendlela insimu yokudonsa amanzi ehlakaza amanzi, ukwenza phansi kusebenza ukuhlakaza ama-electron.Uma umbhobho wepayipi ungaphumi ngokwanele emhlabathini, ama-backups ayenzeka.Uma ama-electron ebuyela emuva, agxumela igebe (enze i-arc kagesi) eya ezintamboni zakho zamandla, ngokusebenzisa okokusebenza kwakho, futhi ngemva kwalokho aye phansi.
Ukuze uvimbele lokhu, faka induku yomhlabathi eyodwa noma ngaphezulu engamafidi angu-8 ubude (2.4 m), 5/8-intshi (16 mm) ehlanganiswe ngethusi, okungcono kakhulu emhlabeni oswakeme.Induku eyodwa ngokuvamile ayanele, ikakhulukazi emhlabathini owomile.Ezindaweni lapho umhlabathi wome kakhulu, faka izinti eziningana, uzihlukanise okungenani ngamamitha amathathu (3 m) bese uzixhuma ngocingo lwethusi olungenalutho, olugqitshiwe.Enye indlela iwukungcwaba #6 (13 mm2), kabili #8 (8 mm2), noma intambo yethusi enkulu engenalutho emseleni okungenani amafidi angu-100 (30 m) ubude.(Intambo yethusi engenalutho nayo ingagijinyiswa phansi komsele othwala amanzi noma amapayipi endle, noma ezinye izintambo zikagesi.) Noma, usike ucingo oluphansi lube uhhafu bese ulusakaza ezinhlangothini ezimbili.Xhuma ingxenye eyodwa yocingo olugqitshiwe ohlelweni oluphansi.
Zama ukuhambisa ingxenye yesistimu ezindaweni ezimanzi, njengalapho uphahla ludonsa amanzi noma lapho izitshalo ezizoniselwa khona.Uma kukhona i-steel well-casing eduze, ungayisebenzisa njengenduku yomhlabathi (yenza uxhumano oluqinile, oluboshwe ku-casing).
Ezimweni zezulu ezimanzi, unyaweni kakhonkolo we-ground- noma i- pole-mounted array, noma umbhoshongo ophehla ugesi womoya, noma izinduku zaphansi ezivalwe ngokhonkolo ngeke zinikeze indawo ephansi efanelekile.Kulezi zindawo, ukhonkolo ngokuvamile ngeke uhambise kancane kunenhlabathi emanzi ezungeze izisekelo.Uma kunjalo, faka induku yomhlabathi emhlabeni eduze kukakhonkolo esisekelweni se-array, noma phansi kombhoshongo wakho wejeneretha yomoya kanye nehange ngalinye lentambo, bese uxhuma konke ndawonye ngocingo olungenalutho, olugqitshiwe.
Ezimweni zezulu ezomile noma ezomile, okuphambene kuvame ukuba iqiniso—izinyawo ezikhonkolo zingase zibe nomswakama ophezulu kunomhlabathi ozungezile, futhi zinikeze ithuba lokongayo lokubeka phansi.Uma i-rebar engamafidi angu-20 ubude (noma ngaphezulu) izoshumekwa kukhonkolo, ibha ye-rebar ngokwayo ingasebenza njengenduku yomhlabathi.(Qaphela: Lokhu kufanele kuhlelwe ngaphambi kokuba kuthelwe ukhonkolo.) Le ndlela yokubeka phansi ivamile ezindaweni ezomile, futhi ichazwe ku-NEC, i-Article 250.52 (A3), “I-Electrode Ekhonkiwe.”
Uma ungaqiniseki ngendlela engcono kakhulu yokumisa indawo yakho, khuluma nomhloli wakho kagesi phakathi nesigaba sokuklama sohlelo lwakho.Awukwazi ukuba nesisekelo esiningi kakhulu.Endaweni eyomile, sebenzisa wonke amathuba ukuze ufake izinduku zomhlabathi ezingasadingeki, izintambo ezigqitshiwe, njll. Ukuze ugweme ukugqwala, sebenzisa i-hardware egunyaziwe kuphela ukuze uxhume izinduku zomhlabathi.Sebenzisa amabhawodi ethusi ukuze uhlanganise izintambo eziphansi ngokuthembekile.
Grounding Power Circuits
Ngokwakha izintambo, i-NEC idinga uhlangothi olulodwa lwesistimu yamandla e-DC ukuthi luxhunywe—noma “luboshwe”—phansi.Ingxenye ye-AC yohlelo olunjalo kufanele futhi isekelwe ngendlela evamile yanoma iyiphi isistimu exhunywe kugridi.(Lokhu kuyiqiniso e-United States. Kwamanye amazwe, amasekhethi kagesi angagxiliwe ayinto evamile.) Ukugawula isimiso samandla siyadingeka ohlelweni lwasekhaya lwesimanje e-United States.Kubalulekile ukuthi i-DC negative kanye nokungathathi hlangothi kwe-AC kuboshwe endaweni eyodwa kuphela kumasistimu azo ahlukene, futhi kokubili kufinyelele endaweni efanayo ohlelweni lokubeka phansi.Lokhu kwenziwa kuphaneli yamandla emaphakathi.
Abakhiqizi bezinhlelo ezithile ezinenjongo eyodwa, ezizimele zodwa (njengamaphampu amanzi elanga neziphindaphinda zomsakazo) batusa ukuthi bangaqinisi isekhethi yamandla.Bheka imiyalelo yomkhiqizi ukuze uthole izincomo ezithile.
I-Array Wiring & “Twisted Pair” Technique
Izintambo ezifanayo kufanele zisebenzise ubude obuncane bezintambo, ezishuthekwe ohlakeni lwensimbi.Izintambo eziphozithivu nezinegethivu kufanele zibe nobude obulinganayo, futhi zigijime ndawonye noma nini lapho kunokwenzeka.Lokhu kuzonciphisa ukungeniswa kwamandla kagesi amaningi phakathi kwamakhondakta.I-metal conduit (esekelwe phansi) nayo yengeza ungqimba lwesivikelo.Gcoba izintambo ezinde zangaphandle esikhundleni sokuzigijimisa phezulu.Intambo engamamitha angu-30 noma ngaphezulu ifana nothi—izothola ukushushwa ngisho nombani osemafwini.Ukuqhuma okufanayo kusengenzeka ngisho noma izintambo zingcwatshiwe, kodwa iningi labafaki liyavuma ukuthi izintambo zokudlulisela ezingcwatshiwe ziphinde zibeke imingcele amathuba okulimala kombani.
Isu elilula lokunciphisa ukuthambekela ekukhuphukeni yindlela "yokubhangqa okusontekile", esiza ukulinganisa nokukhansela noma imaphi ama-voltage adangelwe phakathi kwamakhondakta amabili noma ngaphezulu.Kungaba nzima ukuthola ikhebula lamandla elifanelekile elivele lisontekile, ngakho-ke nakhu okumele ukwenze: Beka ipheya yezintambo zamandla phansi.Faka uthi phakathi kwezintambo, futhi uzisonte ndawonye.Njalo ngamamitha angu-10, shintshanisa indlela.(Lokhu kulula kakhulu kunokuzama ukusonta lonke ibanga ohlangothini olulodwa.) I-power drill ngezinye izikhathi ingase isetshenziselwe ukusonta izintambo futhi, kuye ngosayizi wezintambo.Vele uvikele iziphetho zezintambo ku-chuck yokubhoboza futhi uvumele isenzo sokubhola sisonte izintambo ndawonye.Qiniseka ukuthi usebenzisa i-drill ngesivinini esiphansi kakhulu uma uzama le ndlela.
Intambo yaphansi ayidingi ukusonteka ngezintambo zamandla.Ukuze ugijimele ukungcwaba, sebenzisa ucingo lwethusi olungenalutho;uma usebenzisa i-conduit, sebenzisa intambo yaphansi ngaphandle komsele.Ukuthintana komhlaba okwengeziwe kuzothuthukisa ukusungulwa kwesistimu.
Sebenzisa ikhebula lamapheya asontekile kunoma yiziphi izintambo zokuxhumana noma zokulawula (isibonelo, intambo yokushintshashintsha entantayo yokuvala ithangi eligcwele lephampu yamanzi elanga).Le ntambo yegeji encane itholakala kalula kuzintambo ezisontekile, eziningi, noma ezipheya eyodwa.Futhi ungathenga ikhebula elisontekile elivikelekile, eline-foil eyinsimbi ezungeze izintambo ezisontekile, futhi ngokuvamile nocingo oluhlukile, olungenalutho "lokudonsa" futhi.Gcoba isivikelo sekhebula bese ukhipha intambo endaweni eyodwa kuphela, ukuze kuqedwe amathuba okudala iluphu yaphansi (indlela engaqondile kancane eya emhlabathini) kuzintambo.
Ukuvikelwa Okungeziwe Kombani
Ngaphezu kwezinyathelo ezibanzi zokubeka phansi, amathuluzi akhethekile okuvikela ukukhuphuka kanye (okungenzeka) nezinduku zombani kuyanconywa kumasayithi ananoma yiziphi izimo ezilandelayo:
• Indawo engayodwa endaweni ephakeme endaweni enombani onamandla
• Inhlabathi eyomile, enamatshe, noma engahambi kahle
• Intambo ihamba ngaphezu kwamafidi angu-100 (30 m)
Ababamba Umbani
Izibambisi zombani (ukukhuphuka) ziklanyelwe ukumunca ama-voltage spikes okubangelwa iziphepho zikagesi (noma amandla angaphandle kwe-spec), futhi zivumele ngempumelelo ukushuba ukuthi kudlule izintambo zamandla kanye nezisetshenziswa zakho.Izivikeli zokuhlinza kufanele zifakwe kuzo zombili iziphetho zanoma iyiphi intambo ende exhunywe kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yesistimu yakho, okuhlanganisa imigqa ye-AC esuka ku-inverter.Ababoshiwe benzelwa ama-voltage ahlukahlukene kokubili i-AC ne-DC.Qiniseka ukuthi usebenzisa izibambisi ezifanele zohlelo lwakho lokusebenza.Izifaki eziningi zesistimu zisebenzisa njalo izibambisi zokuhlinza ze-Delta, ezingabizi futhi ezinikeza ukuvikeleka okuthile lapho ukusongelwa kombani kumaphakathi, kodwa lawa mayunithi awasekho ohlwini lwe-UL.
I-PolyPhaser ne-Transtector arrestor yimikhiqizo yekhwalithi ephezulu yezindawo ezithandwa umbani kanye nokufakwa okukhulu.Lawa mayunithi ahlala isikhathi eside anikeza ukuvikeleka okuqinile nokuhambisana nezinhlobonhlobo zama-voltage wesistimu.Amanye amadivaysi anezinkomba zokubonisa izindlela zokuhluleka.
Izinduku Zombani
“Izinduku zombani” ziyimishini yokukhipha umbani emile ebekwe ngaphezu kwezakhiwo nezinhlaka zikagesi welanga, futhi zixhunywe emhlabathini.Zenzelwe ukuvimbela ukunqwabelana kwe-static charge kanye ne-ionization ekugcineni yomkhathi ozungezile.Bangasiza ekuvimbeleni isimangalo, futhi banganikeza indlela yamanje ephezulu kakhulu eya phansi uma kwenzeka isimangalo.Amadivayisi esimanje anomumo we-spike, ngokuvamile anamaphuzu amaningi.
Izinsimbi zokukhanyisa ngokuvamile zisetshenziswa kuphela kumasayithi ahlangabezana neziphepho zikagesi ezimbi kakhulu.Uma ucabanga ukuthi isayithi lakho liwela kulesi sigaba, qasha usonkontileka onolwazi lokuvikela umbani.Uma isifaki sakho sesistimu singafaneleki kangako, cabanga ukubonisana nochwepheshe wokuvikela umbani ngaphambi kokufakwa kwesistimu.Uma kungenzeka, khetha Isifaki se-PV esiqinisekisiwe seBhodi YaseMelika Yase-North America of Certified Energy Practitioners (NABCEP) (bona Ukufinyelela).Nakuba lesi sitifiketi singaqondile ekuvikelweni kombani, singaba inkomba yezinga lesifaki lalo lonke ulwazi lwamakhono.
Ngokungaboni, Hhayi Engqondweni
Umsebenzi omningi wokuvikela umbani ugqitshiwe, futhi awubonakali.Ukusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kwenziwa ngendlela efanele, kubhale kwinkontileka yakho nesifaki sesistimu yakho, umshini kagesi, i-excavator, i-plumber, i-driller, nanoma ubani owenza umsebenzi womhlaba ozoqukatha isistimu yakho yokumisa phansi.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-10-2020